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Chemical kinetics

CHEMISTRY

Class 12

Time: 90min Max. Marks: 35

Section-A Question 1 to 8 are multiple choice questions. Only one of the choices is correct. Select and write the correct choice as well as the answer to these questions.

1. The half life Pd of a 1st order reaction is 60minutes the percentage of reactant left after 240 minutes.

(a) 12.5% (b) 25% (c) 6.25% (d) 3.75%

2. The graph which represents zero order

3. The role of a catalyst in a reaction is

(a) To accelerate the rate of reaction

(b) To retard the rate of reaction

(c) To lower the activation energy

(d) None

4. A first order reaction has a rate constant 1.15sec-1 if 5gm of reactant reduced to 3gm. The time period required is

(a) 250 sec (b) 300 sec

(c) 400sec (d) 275 sec

5. In a reaction A + B product

[A] [B] rate – (mol litre-1sec-1)

0.20 0.30 5.0710-5

0.20 0.10 5.0710-5

0.40 0.05 1.4310-3

On the basis of above data find order of reaction

(a) 3/2 (b) 2/3 (c) 5/2 (c) ½

6. If in a chemical reaction A + B + C product when A is 1st order B in IInd order and C in zero order if concern of each reactant is doubled then rate of reaction becomes

(a) r2 = 4r1 (b) r2 = 8r1

(c) r2 = 16r1 (d) r2 = 2r1

7. Molecularity of reaction is applicable for only

(a) elementary reactions (b) complex reaction

(c) Parallel reactions (d) Consecutive reaction

8. For which part of completion of 1st of order of reaction is ten times of half life period

(a) 90% (b) 99% (c) 99.9% (d) 99.99%

Section-B Question No. 9 to 11 are very short answer questions carrying 2 marks each.

9. Define the following:

a) Activation Energy

b) Threshold energy

10. Difference between rate of reaction and rate constant of reaction.

11. Write units of rate constants for zero order and for the second order reactions if the concentration is expressed in mol L-1 and time in second.

Section-C Question No. 12 to 15 are short answer questions, carrying 3 marks each.

12. The rate constant of a first order reaction becomes 5 times when the temperature is raised from 350K to 400K. Calculate the activation energy for the reaction.

13. How will the rate of reaction be affected when

i) Surface area of reactant is reduced,

ii) Catalyst is added in a reversible reaction, and

iii) Temperature of the reaction is increased?

14. A reaction is first order in A and second in B:

i) Write the differential rate equation.

ii) How is the rate affected on increasing the concentration of B three times?

iii) How is the rate affecter when the concentration of both A and B are doubled.

15. Account for the following:

i) The rate of a reaction does not remain constant throughout the course of reaction.

ii) The boiling of an egg or cooking of rice is an open vessel takes more time in hilly areas.

iii) In some cases it is fond that a large number of colliding molecules have energy more than the threshold value, yet the reaction is slow.

Section D Question No. 16 is a case-based/data -based question carrying 4 marks.

16. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow :

The rate of a chemical reaction is expressed either in terms of decrease in the concentration of reactants or increase in the concentration of a product per unit time. Rate of the reaction depends upon the nature of reactants, concentration of reactants, temperature, presence of catalyst, surface area of the reactants and presence of light. Rate of reaction is directly related to the concentration of reactant. Rate law states that the rate of reaction depends upon the concentration terms on which the rate of reaction actually depends, as observed experimentally. The sum of powers of the concentration of the reactants in the Rate law expression is called order of reaction while the number of reacting species taking part in an elementary reaction which must collide simultaneously in order to bring about a chemical reaction is called molecularity of the reaction. Answer the following questions:

(a) (i) What is a rate determining step?

(ii) Define complezx reaction.

(b) What is the effect of temperature on the rate constant of a reaction?

OR,

Why is molecularity applicable only for elementary reactions whereas order is applicable for elementary as well as complex reactions?

(c) The conversion of molecule X to Y follows second-order kinetics. If the concentration of X is increased 3 times, how will it affect the rate of formation of Y?

Section-E Question No. 17 is a long answer type question carrying 5 marks.

17. (a) Define order of reaction. How does order of a reaction differ from molecularity for a complex reaction?

(b) A first order reaction is 50% complete in 25 minutes. Calculate the time for 80% completion of the reaction.

OR,

Derive an expression for rate constant of first order reaction.

ELECTRO CHEMISTRY

Class 12

Time: 90min Max. Marks: 35

Section-A Question 1 to 8 are multiple choice questions. Only one of the choices is correct. Select and write the correct choice as well as the answer to these questions.

1. The difference between the electrode potentials of two electrodes when no current is drawn through the cell is called

(a) Cell potential

(b) Cell emf

(c) Potential difference

(d) Cell voltage

2. The number of Faraday's require to reduce one mole of Cu2+ to metallic copper is :

(a) One (b) Two (c) three (d) four

3. The unit of equivalent conductance is :

(a) ohm-¹ cm² equivalent 1 (b) ohm-¹ cm² g-1

(c) ohm cm² equivalent-1 (d) ohm-¹ mol-1

4. The quantity of electricity required to deposit 1.15 g of sodium from molten NaCl

(a) 1 F (b) 0.5 F (c) 0.05 F (d) 1.5 F

5. The cell constant of a conductivity cell :

(a) changes with change of electrolyte.

(b) changes with change of concentration of electrolyte.

(c) changes with temperature of electrolyte.

(d) remains constant for a cell.

6. Which of the following cell is used in inverter?

(a) Fuel cell

(b) Mercury cell

(c) Lead storage cell

(d) Dry cell

7. Assertion(A): Conductivity decreases with decrease in concentration of electrolyte.

Reason(R): Number of ions per unit volume that carry the current in a solution decreases on dilution.

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.

(d) Assertion & reason both are false.

8. Assertion(A): Current stops flowing when Ecell = 0.

Reason(R): Equilibrium of the cell reaction is attained.

a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

c) Assertion is true but reason is false.

d) Assertion & reason both are false.

Section-B Question No. 9 to 11 are very short answer questions carrying 2 marks each.

9. A current of 1.5 A was passed through an electrolytic cell containing AgNO3 solution with inert electrodes. The mass of silver deposited was 1.50g. How long did the current flow?

10. The conductivity of a 0.01M solution of acetic acid at 298K is 1.65 x10-4Scm-1. Calculate the molar conductivity of the solution.

11. State the Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions.

Section-C Question No. 12 to 15 are short answer questions, carrying 3 marks each.

12. Define conductivity, molar conductivity & cell potential.

13. Explain Faradys First law of electrolysis.

14. Define fuel cell. What advantage of fuel cell have over primary & secondary cell. Write CH4-O2 fuel reaction.

15. Calculate the emf of following cell at 298K :

Mg(s)|Mg2+(0.1M)|| Cu2+(0.0001)|Cu(s). [Given E0cell = 2.71V]

Section D Question No. 16 is a case-based/data -based question carrying 4 marks.

16. During the construction of public building the contractor intends to fix iron frames for windows and railings to reduce the cost of construction. After due considerations, it is finally recommended to use aluminium for window and steel railings instead of iron.

(a) As a chemistry student, do you agree with the new recommendation.

(b) Name the phenomenon in which iron undergoes.

(c) Give one reason in which aluminium and steel railing is good as compared to iron railing.

Or,

(c) why steel railing does not undergoes corrosion.

Section-E Question No. 17 is a long answer type question carrying 5 marks.

17. (a) Define the following terms

(i) Primary batteries

(ii) Corrosion

(b) The resistance of a conductivity cell containing 0.0001M KCl solution at 298K is 1500ohm. What is the cell constant if conductivity of 0.0001M KCl solution at 298K is 0.146 x 10-3 Scm-1?

Or,

(a) Calculate E0cell for the following reaction at 298K:

2Al(s) + 3Cu2+(0.01M) 2Al3+(0.01M) + 3Cu(s) Given: Ecell = 1.98V

(b) Define electrochemical cell. What happens if external potential applied becomes greater than E0cell of electrochemical cell?

Chemistry Guss Question for BSEB 2026 CLASS 12

UNIT: 09: CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS

Long Answer Question

1. Discuss the following terms:

a) Co-ordination number

b) Effective atomic number

c) Central metal atom/ion

d) Double Salts

2. Explain on the basis of valence bond theory that [Ni(CN)4]2- ion with square planar structure is diamagnetic and the [NiCl4]2- ion with tetrahedral geometry is paramagnetic.

3. What is co-ordination compound? What is the difference between co-ordination compound and double salt?

4. Explain the following:

a) Cationic complex

b) Central atomic ion

5. Write oxidation state, hybridization, geometry and magnetic behaviour of some following co-ordination compounds.

a) [Ni(CO)4]

b) [Ni(CN)4]2-

c) [NiCl4]2-

d) [CuCl4]2-

e) [Fe(CN)6]3-

f) [Fe(CN)6]4-

Chemistry Guss Question for BSEB 2026 CLASS 12

UNIT: 06: General Principles & Processes of Isolation of Elements

Short Answer Question

1. Explain with suitable example Mineral Ore

2. Give the name and chemical composition of important ores of:

a) Aluminium

b) Iron

c) Copper

d) Calcium

e) Mercury

f) Magnesium

g) Zinc

h) Silver

i) Gold

3. Differentiate the Flux and Slag giving suitable example.

4. What do you mean by concentration of ore? Describe the following:

a) Froth floatation process

b) Magnetic process

5. What is gravity separation or levingation process?

6. What is Bessemerization?

7. What is the role of depressant in froth floatation process?

8. What is the role of flux in metallurgical process?

9. Why is Chalcocite roasted and not calcite in the recovery of copper?

10. How is bauxite generally concentrated?

11. Define smelting and give example.

12. How is wrought iron prepared from cast iron?

13. Which method is usually employed for purifying the following metals? Mention the principle.

a) Iron

b) Nickel

14. What is electrorefining?

15. State the role of silica in the metallurgy of copper.

16. What is significance of leaching in the extraction of aluminium?

17. Describe the role of NaCN in the extraction of silver from silver ore.

Chemistry Guss Question for BSEB 2026 CLASS 12

UNIT : 04 : CHEMICAL KINETICS

Long answer Question

1. What is Arrhenius Equation? How does it help in calculating the activation energy?

2. What is catalyst? Explain the action of catalyst on a reaction.

3. Explain molecularity and order of reaction and distinguish between them.

4. What do you mean by zero order reaction? Derive the expression for integrated rate equations for zero order reactions. How half life of zero order reactions is related with rate constant?

5. Derive an expression for rate constant of first order reaction.

6. Explain half life period for first order reaction and establish the relation between half-life period and average life period.

Chemistry Guss Question for BSEB 2026 CLASS 12

UNIT : 04 : CHEMICAL KINETICS

Short answer Question

1. What is activation energy? How is the rate constant of a reaction is related with activation energy?

2. Identify the reaction order from each of the following rate constant.

(a) k = 2.3 x 10-5 L mol-1 s-1

(b) k = 3 x 10-4 s-1

3. Explain the effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction.

4. What is pseudo first order reaction?

5. In a first order reaction, the units of the rate constant do not depend upon the concentration of the reactants. Justify.

6. What do you understand by elementary reaction?

7. How is half life period related to initial concentration if the reaction as of zero order, first order, second order & nth order

8. Give one example of zero order reaction and first order reaction.

9. Write the slope value obtained in the plot of ln[R] vs time for a first order reaction.

10. What is half life period of a reaction. Prove that half life period of a first order reaction is independent of initial concentration of reactant.

11. What is rate law?

12. Explain why the rate of a reaction increases with rise in temperature.

13. The rate of reaction is not constant in whole reaction. Why?

14. Define molecularity of reaction & Threshold energy.

15. What is rate of reaction?

16. What do you mean by rate of instantaneous reaction?

17. Calculate the over all order of a reaction which has the rate expression:

a) Rate = K[A]1/2[B]3/2

b) Rate = K[A]3/2[B]-1

Chemistry Guss Question for BSEB 2026 CLASS 12

UNIT : 03 :ELECTRO CHEMISTRY

1. What do you understand by secondary cell?

2. What is the difference between electrolytic cell and electrochemical cell?

3. What do you mean by Primary cell(Battery)?

4. What is cell constant?

5. Write the chemical equation of charging and discharging of lead storage battery.

6. Electrolysis of concentrated aqueous soltion of NaF does not give F2, why?

7. Explain resistivity(specific resistance).

8. Define specific conductance(conductivity) and equivalent conductance.

9. Why does conductivity of solution of electrolyte increase by heating?

10. Why does the conductivity of a solution decreases with dilution?

11. Explain molar conductivity. What is its unit?

12. What is electrode potential, standard electrode potential and standard hydrogen electrode?

13. State Faraday’s 1st law of electrolysis.

14. Where is electrolysis used?

15. State Faraday’s 2nd law of electrolysis.

16. Explain the reaction involved in a Galvanic cell. How is Daniell cell represented?

17. What is a fuel cell? Give the electrode reactions of hydrogen oxygen fuel cell.

18. Write down the half cell reaction and cell reaction for the Daniell cell Zn(s)|Zn2+(aq)||Cu2+(aq)|Cu(s)

19. Write the product of electrolysis

i) Fused sodium chloride and

ii) An aqeous solution of sodium chloride (Brine solution)

Chemistry practice set CBSE CLASS XII

UNIT 02 SOLUTION

Time: 90min Max. Marks: 35

Section-A Question 1 to 8 are multiple choice questions. Only one of the choices is correct. Select and write the correct choice as well as the answer to these questions.

1. If V.P. of pure benzene is 0.85 bar. When a non- volatile solute of mass 0.5gm added in 39gm of benzene then V.P. of solution is found to be 0.845 bar. The molar mass of solute is

(a) 80 gm

(b) 170 gm

(c) 190 gm

(d) 199 gm

2. Isotonic solutions have the same

(a) Density

(b) Refractive index

(c) Osmotic Pressure

(d) volume

3. The freezing point of 0.1 molal aquous solution would be (Kf = 1.86 kg K/mol)

(a) 0.186 0C

(b) – 0.186 0C

(c) – 1.86 0C

(d) 0.0186 0C

4. The solution which has maximum boiling point

(a) 0.1 m urea

(b) 0.1 m glucose

(c) 0.1 m sucrose

(d) 0.1 m naphthalene

5. Boiling point of H2O at 750 mm of Hg is 99.630C . How much sucrose should be added in 500gm of water that it boils at 1000C

(a) 126 gm

(b) 125 gm

(c) 122gm

(d) 28 gm

6. A solution containing 10% glucose and 5% urea in 100 ml of solution at 270C. The osmotic pressure of solution is

(a) 3.33 atm

(b) 33.33 atm

(c) 6.66 atm

(d) none

7. Two elements of A & B form compound having formula AB2 and AB4 when dissolve in 20gm of benzene, 1gm of AB2 lower the F.p by 2.3K and 1gm of AB4 lowers by 1.3K (KF =5.1 K Kp mol-1) atomic mass of A is

(a) 25.58 amu

(b) 55.5 amu

(c) 35.55 amu

(d) 20.58 amu

8. Assertion : A non volatile solution is mixed in a solution then elevation in boiling point and depression in freezing point both are 2 K.

Reason : Elevation in boiling point and depression in freezing point both depend on melting point of nonvolatile solute.

(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.

(d) If Assertion & reason both are false.

Section-B Question No. 9 to 11 are very short answer questions carrying 2 marks each.

9. Two solutes ‘X’ and ‘Y’ in equal amounts are dissolved separately in 10 moles of solvent C. If ‘X’ molecule is heavier than ‘Y’ molecule, which solution will have larger relative lowering of vapour pressure?

10. Define the following terms

(a) Osmotic pressure

(b) Ideal solution.

11. State Henry’s law. What is effect of temperature on the solbility of a gas in liquid?

Section-C Question No. 12 to 15 are short answer questions, carrying 3 marks each.

12. Calculate the mass of non-volatile solute (molar mass 40) which should be dissolved in 114g octane to reduce the vapour pressure to 80%.

13. Give reasons of the following:

(a) Measurement of osmotic pressure method is preferred for the determination of molar mass of macro-molecules such as proteins and polymers.

(b) Aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water than warm water.

(c) Elevation of boiling point of 1 M KCl solution is nearly double than that of 1M sugar solution.

14. What do you understand by lowering of vapour pressure of a solvent? What is relation between relative lowering of vapour pressure and molecular mass of solute and solvent?

15. Define following terms

(a) Molarity

(b) Reverse Osmosis

(c) Vapour pressure

Section D Question No. 16 is a case-based/data -based question carrying 4 marks.

16. Colligative properties depend on the number of solute particles irrespective on their nature, they are, relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation in boiling point, depression in freezing point and osmotic pressure. Abnormal molecular mass and colligative properties are observed in some cases where the experimental and theoretical vales differ considerably. Due to dissociation of solute in water the number of particles in the solution increases, resulting in increase in experimental vales, since

Colligative properties

Experimental molecular mass < Normal molecular mass

Answer the following questions:

(a) Why is osmotic pressure considered as a colligative property?

(b) What happens when a pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on the solution side separated from solvent by a semi-permeable membrane?

(c) Write two advantages of osmotic pressure method over boiling point elevation method for determining molecular masses.

Or,

Calculate the boiling point of solution when 4g of MgSO4(M = 120) was dissolved in 100g of water, assuming MgSO4 undergoes complete ionization. (Kb for water = 0.52 K Kg mol-1)

Section-E Question No. 17 is a long answer type question carrying 5 marks.

17. (i) Which type of deviation is shown by the solution formed by mixing cyclohexane and ethanol?

(ii) 18g of glucose is dissolved in 1Kg of water in a saucepan. At what temperature will we water boil? Kb for water = 0.52 K Kg mol-1

(iii) A and B liquids on mixing produced a warm solution. Which type of deviation is there and why?

Or,

(a) Why is camphor preferred as a solvent in determination of depression in freezing point?

(b) Aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water rather than warm water. Why?

(c) A 10% solution by mass of sucrose in water has freezing point of 269.15K. Calculate the freezing point of 10% glucose in water, if freezing point of pure water is 273.15K.

Chemistry Guss Question for BSEB 2026 Class 12

UNIT : 02 :Solution

Long Answer Question

1. Explain the following terms.

i) Mole fraction

ii) Molality

iii) Molarity

iv) Normality

v) Osmosis

2. What is elevation of boiling point? Show it is a colligative property. Find relation between elevation of boiling point and molar mass of solute.

3. What is difference between osmosis and diffusion?

4. What do you understand by lowering of vapour pressure of a solvent? Write down the Raoult’s law of lowering of vapour pressure and what is relation between relative lowering of vapour pressure and molecular mass of solute and solvent?

5. Explain the following terms:

i) Abnormal colligative property

ii) Van’t Hoff factor

iii) Henry law

Chemistry Guss Question for BSEB 2026 CLASS 12

UNIT : 02 : Solution

Short Answer Question

1. Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised?

2. What role does the molecular interaction play in solution of alcohol and water?

3. What is azeotropic mixture(azeotropes)? What are their types?

4. Define abnormal molecular mass and degree of dissociation.

5. What is osmotic pressure? Why does osmotic pressure become abnormal?

6. Why does vapour pressure of a liquid decreases with addition of non-volatile solute?

7. What is reverse osmosis? What is its use?

8. Explain positive and negative deviation from ideal solution.

9. How is molarity of solution different molality?

10. State colligative properties of dilute solution. Write down the different types of colligative properties.

11. State and explain the ideal solution

12. What are the factors affecting the solubility of gas?

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Chemistry Guss Question for BSEB 2026 CLASS 12

UNIT : 05 :SURFACE CHEMISTRY

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Write a short note on adsorption. How does it differ from absorption?

2. How does extent of adsorption depend upon surface area of the adsorbent?

3. What role does adsorption play in heterogeneous catalysis?

4. Write a short note on colloids.

5. How are the colloidal solutions classified on the basis of dispersed phase and dispersion medium?

6. How will you prepare a colloidal solution of gold? How is it stabilised?

7. How do pressure and temperature influence the adsorption of a gas on a solid?

8. What is the difference between multimolecular and macro-molecular colloids?

9. What is the difference between a sol and a gel? What are emulsions?

10. How will you distinguish between physical adsorption and chemical adsorption?

11. What do you mean by activity and selectivity of catalysts?

12. What are emulsions? What are their different types? Give example of each type.

13. How will you obtain a colloidal solution of arsenious sulphide?

14. Describe a chemical method for the preparation of sol of sulphur and platinum.

15. How does chemical adsorption of a gas on a solid vary with temperature?

16. What are the difference between physisorption and chemisorption?

17. State the following(i) Adsorbent (ii) Adsorbate (iii) Adsorption. Give reason why a finely divided substance is more effective as an adsorbent.

18. What are the applications of adsorption?

19. What role does adsorption play in heterogeneous catalysis?

20. What brief note on (i) Coagulation (ii) Gold number (iii) Hardy-Schulze law.

21. Explain the following terms (i) Lyophobic sols (ii) Gold number (iii) Peptisation.

22. What is Tyndall effect?

23. Explain the following terms with suitable examples (i) Gel (ii) Aerosol (iii) Hydrosol.

24. What is an emulsion? Give one example.

25. Explain the following terms (i) Electro-dialysis (ii) Electrokinetic potential (iii) Phases of a colloidal solution.

Chemistry Guss Question for BSEB 2026 CLASS 12

UNIT : 05 :SURFACE CHEMISTRY

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What is the function of emulsifying agent?

2. How does adsoption of a gas on a solid surface vary with temperature?

3. Define gold number and coagulation value.

4. What is difference between sols and gels?

5. Indicate chemical reaction involving homogeneous catalyst.

6. What type of solution is obtained by adding aq NaCl to benzene?

7. What type of colloidal is formed when white of an egg is mixed with water?

8. What is the difference between Macromolecular and Associated colloids?

9. What is the effect of temperature on adsorption?

10. Give an example of an associated colloid.

11. What is an adsorption isotherm?

12. Give one example each of oil in water and water in oil emulsions.

13. What are aerosols?

14. Why adsorption is always exothermic?

15. What is demulsification?

16. Why lyphillic colloids are more stable than lyophobic colloidal sols?

17. What is Hardy Schulze's rule?

18. Define gold number.

19. What is the effect of temperature on adsorption?

20. What is heterocatalysis?

21. Define physisorption.

22. What is dialysis?

23. What is Brownian movement?

24. Define flocculation value.

Chemistry Guss Question for BSEB 2026 CLASS12

UNIT : 01 : SOLID STATE

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What do you mean by point defect in a crystal?

Or, Define point defect.

2. Why is Frenkel defect produced in solid crystal?

3. Why does white ZnO(s) becomes yellow upon heating?

4. What are F- centres in a crystal?

5. Why does table salt, some time appear yellow in colour?

6. Why are solids are incompressible (rigid)?

7. A solid is made of two elements P & Q. Atoms of Q are in ccp arrangement while atoms of P occupy all the tetrahedral sites. What is the formula of the compound?

8. A group 14 element is to be converted into n-type semiconductor by doping it with a suitable impurity. To which group should this impurity belong?

9. Give the significance of a ‘lattice point.’

10. What type of solids are electrical conductors, malleable & ductile?

11. Why do solids have a definite volume?

12. What type of defect can arise when a solid is heated? Which physical property is affected by it and in what way?

13. Why are ionic solids behave as conductor in molten state and not in the solid state? Explain.

14. Glass is assumed to be a super cooled liquid. Why?

Chemistry Guss Question for BSEB 2026 CLASS 12

UNIT : 01 : SOLID STATE

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What do you understand by crystal defects in solids? What is stoichiometric defect? Explain the following types of cystal defects:

i) Vacancy defect

ii) Interstitial defect

iii) Non-stoichiometric defect

iv) Impurity defect

2. What is the difference between Schottky defect & Frenkel defect?

3. How will you distinguish between crystalline solid & amorphous solid based on their properties?

4. What do you understand by magnetic property of solids. Explain the following

i) Paramagnetism

ii) Diamagnetism

iii) Ferromagnetism

iv) Ferrimagnetism

v) Antiferromagnetism

खुशियां और आपका जन्म जन्म का साथ हो,
हर किसी की जुबां पर आपकी ही बात हो,
जीवन में कभी कोई मुसीबत आए तो आपके सिर पर गुरु गोबिंद सिंह जी का हाथ हो।
गुरु गोबिंद सिंह जयंती की शुभकामनाएं।

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